New Formulations of -Cyanoacrylate for Biomedical Applications

New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 1 von 11 News Articles and Promotional Articles on All Topics – Submit Articles home • Most Viewed Articles • Authors Top • Sitemap Search form Search Here All Posts Submit New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Abstract * Introduction * Physical-chemical properties of the -cyanoacrylate * ABSTRACT Currently, new formulations of -cyanoacrylic tissue adhesives, are being studied for the repair of soft and hard tissue in order to improve properties such as: biodegradability, biocompatibility bone flexibility (in the soft tissue applications) and ease of handling. This paper presents a review of scientific literature related to new formulations of -cyanoacrylic adhesives and medical applications. Keywords: Tissue adhesives, -cyanoacrylate, biodegradability, biocompatibility and medical applications. INTRODUCTION Monomers of the family of -cyanoacrylic esters are compounds widely used as surgical adhesives, due to the property which have to adhere instantly to polar substrates, including living tissues without the intervention of other substances co-catalysts for polymerization [1] [2]. Specifically, the -cyanoacrylate alkyl were obtained for the first time in 1949 by A. E. Ardis and the end of the decade of the 50 H. W. Coover et al suggested its possible use as surgical adhesives. Currently, the most widespread use of tissue adhesives is -cyanoacrylate in the treatment of skin incisions and lacerations and, in particular, is recommended for use in pediatric emergency rooms [3] [4]. Back in the 80s, from the work of the group P. Couvreur [5], are beginning to use the polymers http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 2 von 11 obtained from the -cyanoacrylate nanoparticles as drug carriers, although this work focuses on new formulations monomer and its applications. Initially, the -cyanoacrylate used for sealing wounds and other medical applications were the methyl and ethyl. Soon, however, were taken off the market as tissue adhesives, due to rapid degradation in vivo, resulting in significant inflammatory responses in tissues. Currently, adhesives – iso-butyl cyanoacrylate (Bucrylato (R)), – n-butyl cyanoacrylate (Indermil (R), Liquiband (R), Histoacryl (R), Tisuacryl (R), Glubran (R)) and – cyanoacrylate, n- octyl (Dermabond (R), Liquid Bandage (R)) have been approved for medical use by health authorities in different countries. These products have a slow rate of degradation, so they are used mainly for external use [6], although they have been studied and applied in internal treatments where the relationship between risk and clinical benefit has proven to be negligible. Among these applications are the use of -cyanoacrylates as embolitico material in the vascular system [7], endoscopic treatment of esophageal varices [8] [9], reinforcement of the suture in the gastrointestinal tract anastomosis [10] [11] and others. In Cuba, the use of Tisuacryl (R) (Biomaterials Center, University of Havana) is widespread, fundamentally, to seal traumatic and surgical wounds of the oral mucosa [12], [13], [14] and as a dressing periodontal, but have made important applications in general surgery [15] and gynecology [16]. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF -cyanoacrylate The -cyanoacrylates are colorless liquids of low viscosity, highly reactive, which have characteristics of homopolymer at room temperature, so it can be dispensed as pure monomers with defined properties. These compounds have two strong electron acceptor groups (CN and COOR), which makes the double bond is very susceptible to attack by weak bases (Figure 1) and this is what gives them their property to bind rapidly with polar substrates forming strong adhesive bonds. While most commonly used -cyanoacrylate were the alkyl side chains (R) containing from one to eight carbon atoms, have also synthesized other derivatives such as alkoxy-alkyl (R1-O-R2) [ 17].Figure 1. General structure of – cyanoacrylate The preferred method for the synthesis of -cyanoacrylate is Knovenagel condensation between cyanoacetate and formaldehyde in the presence of a basic catalyst [18]. The polycyanoacrylate product of this synthesis is depolymerized to obtain the reactive monomer. The density of monomers is in the range of (0.90-1.10) g/cm3 at 20 ^0 C and its viscosity is low, 2-4 cP at 25 ^0 C for -cyanoacrylates not very long linear chains. -cyanoacrylic monomers can set three different curing mechanisms: the radical, anionic and zwitterionic, the last two being the most favored way. Anionic polymerization initiators can be CH3COO-anions, OH-, I-, etc., Weak bases such as alcohols and water and amino acids present in living tissues. As areas for improvement in oral cyanoacrylic tissue adhesives are the following: o the low biodegradability of the compounds of longer alkyl chains makes it difficult to use in internal applications; o the low viscosity of the monomer may produce shifts of the product during its implementation; o the lack of flexibility of polymer is not suitable for use in soft tissue o the poor adhesive strength and bone support for hard tissue applications. The following refers to new formulations of -cyanoacrylic adhesives reported in the literature and its medical applications. NEW FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATIONS http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 3 von 11 Some authors have observed that when the -cyanoacrylates are used in small quantities without adverse effects on adjacent fracture healing and do not cause inflammatory response in the surrounding viable bone or adjacent soft tissue, B. Lu and colleagues noted that two weeks after fixation of fractures in the tibia of mice, internally with Kirschner wires of 2 mm and reinforced in the fracture surface with -n-octyl cyanoacrylate, begins in vivo degradation of the adhesive. Chondrocytes and fibrocytes grow gradually in the areas surrounding the material, which breaks down completely between 10 and 12 weeks without observing any barrier effect affecting the healing of the fracture and reported better results in the setting with respect to the control group where only internal fixation was performed with wires [19]. M.A. Shermak and colleagues compared the use of microplates and screws for fixing bone craniotomies in mice, with the application of -cyanoacrylate n-butyl. They found a normal scar, no trace of adhesive on the skulls studied. Bone healing and inflammatory response were similar in both study groups [20]. However, the low viscosity of the pure monomers difficult to use. On the other hand the use of adhesives, as the sole means of fixation does not report the same strength that the fixation with plates and screws, either stable or biodegradable, so it is undesirable for use in areas subject to continuous muscle movements. M.C. Harper and colleagues evaluated the efficacy of -cyanoacrylate, isoamyl (-cyanoacrylate, 3methylbutyl) viscous fix an osteotomy of the femoral condyle in rabbits by applying the adhesive on the edges of the fracture and freeing central the fracture surface to minimize mechanical barriers that could interfere with the healing. In this study, which used each subject as its own control, it made a profit of 45% effective in treating the adhesive [21]. E. Gonzales and colleagues evaluated the effectiveness of -cyanoacrylate adhesive for fixing ethyl bone flap craniotomy operations. Although this product is not recommended for medical use, the results in terms of fixation were satisfactory in the 100 patients included in the study with clinical and radiological follow-up 3 months after surgery without were apparent treatment-related complications. The authors believe that this method is safe, quick and easy, providing immediate stability of bone flan and excellent cosmetic results [22]. S. Bhat and colleagues demonstrated the ability of -cyanoacrylate adhesive for filling bone cavities, noting that the -cyanoacrylates methoxy isobutyl and has better mechanical properties in this application that the -cyanoacrylate, isoamyl [23]. F.J. Papatheofanis studied the tensile strength of adhesive bonds in bone with several cyanoacrylate and using a reinforcement of hydroxyapatite particles. He observed that the cyanoacrylate, isobutyl shows a tensile strength of the adhesive bond greater than that of methyl and ethyl and the addition of 10% hydroxyapatite increase this parameter, which then decreases with the addition of 15% filling [24]. Recently, S.B. Lee and colleagues studied the addition to -cyanoacrylate adhesives for ceramic particles biocompatible -tricalcium phosphate in the formulation of composite materials with a possible degradation of control, with potential use in the repair of cranial bone defects and maxillofacial [ 25]. For its part, C.L. Linden and S.W. Shalaby -made adhesives methoxypropyl cyanoacrylate and isobutyl, adding plasticizers to increase the viscosity of the product and better manage their implementation. Used as an additive the trioxietileno polioxalato of high molecular weight. These authors concluded that an important factor in the strength of adhesive bonding is that the modules of the adhesive and substrate are similar. For the skin, be expected to possess an adhesive elastic properties result in a stronger bond, in contrast, high modulus of cortical bone is closer to the polymer without additives of -isobutyl cyanoacrylate [26]. http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 4 von 11 S. W. Meskin and colleagues have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of the use of Liquid Adhesive Bandage -n-octyl cyanoacrylate with parabens (para-hydroxybenzoate) in the lining of the wounds in the cornea after cataract surgery to prevent ocular fluid entry into the wound. The adhesive was applied in a thin layer over the wound using a micro-sponges soaked with a drop or two of them [27]. M.T. Duffy and colleagues [28] have studied how to improve the clinical behavior of the cyanoacrylate in sutureless ophthalmic surgery, using as carrier a copolymer of poly-L-lactic and polyglycolic. The study was conducted in eye muscle and sclera of mice. The bonding was done with small patches of material support, prehydrated in saline, to which were added two drops of -n -octyl cyanoacrylate. Support the use of adhesive prevents runoff of surgical site and improves adhesive bonding. A biodegradable cyanoacrylate has been developed in recent years by the Corporation Closure Medical Surgical Sealant Study Group, which is composed of a mixture of -cyanoacrylate n-octyl -cyanoacrylate butilolactoilo. This adhesive has been used in prospective randomized clinical trials for vascular reconstruction and as a hemostatic agent and sealant vascular suture line [29], [30]. Previously, Y.C. Tseng and colleagues [31] had developed a product of ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, for use in arteriovenous embolization, adding a biodegradable copolymer of poly (lactide-caprolactone), lipiodol and a radiopaque compound. M.M. Eskandari [32] and colleagues have evaluated in vivo biodegradable system for the controlled release of vancomycin, using gelatin sponge support and the -n-butyl cyanoacrylate as a carrier of the therapeutic agent. K.M. McNally-Heintzelman et al [33] evaluated adhesive systems, porous scaffolds for soft tissue repair with promising results. As conclusions of the review conducted found that the new adhesive formulations are obtained by adding compounds, such as thickeners, plasticizers, inorganic filler particles (in bone repair materials), biodegradable materials and other support. However, the inclusion of additives in the formulations of -cyanoacrylate is a complex task, as the monomer is capable of reacting with any polymerization initiator substance which decreases the stability and formulations. -cyanoacrylate New Formulations for Biomedical Applications SUMMARY Nowadays, new Formulations of -cyanoacrylic Are Being Studying tissue adhesives, Which Are Used for repairing of soft and hard tissues. They Improve adhesive properties Such as: biodegradability, bone biocompatibility, flexibility – when Applied on Soft Tissue-and manipulation. A review of the current scientific publications related to the new -cyanoacrylate Formulations and Its medical use, is presented. Key words: Tissue adhesives, -cyanoacrylates, biodegradability, biocompatibility, medical applications. Data from the author: Dr. Rosa Mayelin War Britain PhD in Chemistry Senior Researcher Center for Biomaterials http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 5 von 11 Havana REFERENCES [1]. Roque Gonzalez R, Garcia Gutierrez A, Guerra RM Britain, Leal Mursuli A, Roque R Zambrana, A. Gomez Cruz Tissue adhesives in surgery. Rev Surg 2006; 45 (3-4) :0-0 [online]. Cited August 13, 2007. Available at:. ISSN 0034-7493. [2]. Papatheofanis FJ. The Principles and Applications of Surgical Adhesives. Surg Annu 1993, 25:49-81. [3]. Singer AJ, Thode HC. A review of the literature on octylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. Am Journal of Surg 2004, 187:238-48. [4] War Britain RM, Bomant Cuango E, Perez Alvarez MC. Effective technology with cyanoacrylate tissue adhesion. Proceedings of V Congress of the Society for Bioengineering Habana’2003 10 to 13 June 2003, La Habana. [Online]. Cited August 13, 2007. Available at:. ISBN 959-212-095-1. [5]. Vauthier C, Dubernet C, Fattal E, Pinto-Alphandary H, Couvreur P. Poly (alkylcyanoacrylates) as biodegradable materials for biomedical applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2003, 55:519-48. [6]. FARIONES K., Osmond MH, Hartling L, Russell K, Klassen T, Crumley E, et al. Tissue Adhesives for Traumatic Lacerations: a Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Acad Emerg Med 2003; 10 (2) :110-8. [7]. Kaneko R, Tohnai I, Ueda M, Negoro M, Yoshida J, Yamada Y. Curative Treatment of central hemangioma in the drift by direct puncture and embolization with n-butyl-cyanoacrylate (NBCA). Oral Oncol 2001; 37:605-8. [8]. Greenwald BD, Caldwell SH, Hespenheide EE, Patrie JT, Williams J, Binmoeller KF, et al. N -2-Butyl-Cyanoacrylate for Gastric Varices Bleeding: A Pilot Study and United States Cost Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98:1982-8. [9]. Mahadeva S, Bellamy MC, Kessel D, Davies MH, Millson CE. Cost-Effectiveness of N-Butyl -2-Cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) Glue Injections Versus Transjugular Intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the Management of Acute Gastric Variceal Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98:268893. [10]. Roque R, Garcia A, Guerra RM, Leal A, Roque F, Cruz A. Tisuacryl use of the esophageal anastomosis with other segments of the digestive tract. Rev Surg 2006; 45 (2) :0-0. [Online]. Cited August 13, 2007. Available at: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php script = sci_issuetoc & pid = 0034749320060002 & lng = en & NRM = iso. [11]. Nursal TZ, Anarat R, Bircan S, Yildirim S, Tarim A, Haberal M. The effect of tissue adhesive, octyl-cyanoacrylate, on the healing of experimental high-risk and normal colonic anastomoses. Am J Surg 2004, 187:28-32. [12]. Perez, M, Fernandez I, Marquez D, Guerra RM. Use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate in oral surgery. Biological and clinical evaluation. Artificial Organs 2000, 24 (3) :241-243. [13]. Perez MC, Cachimaille And Galvez SF, Uranga A, Marrero MA, Guerra RM, et al. Phase III clinical trial. Tisuacryl use of fibrin glue on wound closure of oral-facial complex. Rev CENIC Biological Sciences 2006, 37 (3) :131-5. http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 6 von 11 [14]. MA barriers, Barriers LM, Guerra RM. Effectiveness of Tisuacryl in periodontal surgery. Rev CENIC Biological Sciences 2006, 37 (3) :143-6. [15]. Guerra RM, Perez M, Roque R, Bomant E, Gonzalez and T. Palermo Tisuacryl effectiveness of fibrin glue in closure of skin wounds. Int Rev Cub Med Gen 2005, 21 (1-2) :0-0 [online]. Cited August 13, 2007 Available at:. ISSN 0864-2125. [16]. Silva N, Fernandez J, Galvez RL, Herrera J, Guerra R. Efficacy and safety of Tisuacryl tissue adhesive in skin closure of episiotomy. Biomechanics 2003; 11:53-8. [17]. YCH Tseng, Hyon SH, Ikada Y. Modification of synthesis and investigation of properties for 2-cyanoacrylates. Biomaterials 1990; 11:73-9. [18]. Del Rio L, Ramirez G, Alvarez R, Wong L cyanoacrylate alkyl. Memorias VI Cong Soc Bioing Habana’2005. 21 to 22 July 2005, La Habana. [Online]. Cited August 13, 2007. Available at:. ISBN 959-212-158-3. [19]. Lu B, You ZQ, Pei FX, Liu L. Octyl-a-cyanoacrylate adhesive in the Treatment of tibial transverse fracture in rabbits. Chin J Traumatol 2005, 8 (4) :240-4. [20]. Gosain AK, Song L, Corrao MA, Painting FA. Biomechanical evaluation of titanium, biodegradable plate and screw, and cyanoacrylate glue fixation systems in craniofacial surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 101 (3): 582-91. [21]. M. Harper Viscous isoamyl 2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive in the repair of osteotomies in rabbits. J Orthop Res 1988, 6:287-92. [22]. Gonzalez E, Orta J, Quero C, Niemshik L, Galera R, Onay D, Rojas O. Ethyl-2-cyanocrylate fixation of the cranial bone flap after craniotomy. Surg Neurol 2000; 53:288-9. [23]. S Bhat, MJ Askew, G Njus, Smith DJ. Alkyl cyanoacrylates as space filling bone adhesives. J Biomat Appl 1992, 3 (3) :207-10. [24]. Papatheofanis FJ. Contribution of hydroxyapatite to the tensile strength of the isobutyl-2cyanoacrylate-bone bond. Biomaterials 1989, 10 (3) :185-6. [25]. Lee SB, Park KJ, Lee DY, Park JJ, Hwang JS, Lee YK, et al. A Histological evaluation of novel cyanoacrylate based -TCP composite Defects in rat calvaria. Key Engineering Materials 2006; 309-311:1133-6. [26]. CL Linden, Shalaby WAS. Performance of modified cyanoacrylate composition as tissue adhesive for soft and hard tissues. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomat) 1997; 38:348-55. [27] Meskin SW, Ritterband DC, Shapiro DE, Kusmierczyk J, Schneider SS, Seedor JA, Koplin RS. Liquid bandage (2-octyl cyanoacrylate) as a temporary wound barrier in clear corneal cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 2005, 112 (11) :2015-21. [28]. Duffy MT, Bloom JN, McNally-Heintzelman KM, Heintzelman DL, Soller EC, Hoffman GT. Sutureless Ophthalmic Surgery: A scaffold-enhanced bioadhesive technique. J AAPOS 2005; 9: 315-20. [29]. Lumsden AB, Heyman ER. Prospective randomized study Evaluating an absorbable cyanoacrylate for use in vascular reconstructions. J Vasc Surg 2006; 44 (5) :1002-9. [30]. Ellman PI, Reece TB, Maxey TS, Tache-Leon C, Taylor JL, Spinosa DJ, et al. Evaluation of an Absorbable Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Sealant as a Suture Line. J Surg Res 2005; 125:161-7. http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 7 von 11 [31]. Tseng YC, Hyon SH, Ikada Y, Taki W, Uno A, Yonekawa Y. Modified ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate for Therapeutic embolization of arteriovenous malformation. J Biomed Mater Res 2005, 24 (1) :65-77. [32]. Eskandari MM, Ozturk OG, Eskandari HG, Balli E, Yilmaz C. Cyanoacrylate adhesive Provides efficient local drug delivery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006, 451:242-50. [33]. McNally-Heintzelman KM, Riley JN, Heintzelman DL. Scaffold-enhanced albumin and nbutyl-cyanoacrylate adhesives for tissue repair: ex vivo evaluation in a porcine model. Biomed Sci Instrum 2003, 39:312-7. Written by Tiffaney Sheng · Filed Under Book Reviews · 169 views Additional items from "Book Reviews" • • • • • • • • • • Cell. Cell morphology. cell theory Variation in the intensity of infection with infectious forms of ga .. Ceratothoa isopod The death of Jose Asuncion Silva Marijuana: general considerations Distinguished Puerto Ricans Mario Alfonso Moreno Medina Soil Properties Father Varela Life and work of Jose Felix Ribas Digestion of leaf of Bromus auleticus Trin. ex Nees under different tie .. Recent Articles Marriage Immigration, Legal * Marriage contract * Contractual nature of the capitulations * Annulment of the capitulations * Considerations for deciding * Real own marital * Conclusion * Sources Introduction Marital conventions are agreements between spouses concerning property or by taking a particular regime of property relations that the law authorizing or agreeing or modifying any part of a scheme. There are 2 assumptions. The designation of the property that each leads to marriage is pre constitute proof of the existence and character of such property by means of an inventory to be useful in the future at the time of dissolution of marriage. And the donations made to the husband and wife. … Analysis of the general law of arbitration Immigration, Legal http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 8 von 11 * Arbitration Process * International arbitration Law 26572, General Arbitration Act states that the parties are freely available to arbitrate disputes determined or determinable, may terminate the existing judicial process or prevent the promotion, except: 1 .- the provisions relating to the state on property or rights. 2 .- on which decision is final, subject to the estate. 3 .- what law enforcement on crimes or misdemeanors, but on the amount that would have set the resolution. 4 . - the powers or functions of state entities or persons under public law. May be disputes arising under contracts that celebrates the Peruvian state or foreign national resident in the country and … Cosmic determinism Book Reviews * The need for the rhythmic in nature * The rhythms and human development * The stress of interpersonal relations * The school of adversity * Bibliography Cosmic determinism and the influence of circadian rhythms in human behavior Biological clocks or circadian rhythms are essential elements that regulate our vital functions and other animals. Biorhythms also respond to signals from environmental and seasonal changes. The migratory flight of birds and mammals wintering in all known examples. Content with the picture, because no one has dared to enter the lair of a real bear, hibernating — the pun is deliberate The word circadian comes from the Latin ‘circa’ (about) and ‘target’ … Human Digestive System Animation, Arts and Entertainment * Your Anatomy * Synthesis and Organic Substances Denigration * Vitamins In humans, the digestive system consists of a conduit along which are arranged various organs and structures that are traversed by the food during its transformation process, those parts by passing the solid portion of the food is expelled as waste. The basic constituents of the human digestive tract are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine and large intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The glands that secrete digestive juices include the salivary glands and gastric glands. The mouth forms the opening of the digestive tract and is the cavity that penetrates the food. The oral cavity is limited by … Talking about human sexuality in the classroom Online Education, Reference and Education Introduction Talking about human sexuality is an interactive process that develops in a social, cultural, religious, medical, economic, spiritual, psychological and political, is therefore constantly changing. The study of sexuality requires an approach that allows us to place it as a symbolic, intersubjective creation and recreation, which has been influenced by the socio-historical process that has structured and meaning, in this sense is the basis of sex biological sexuality gives us belonging and difference (sexual beings) but human relationships transcends the purely biological and reproductive symbolism and history, generating specific dimensions of the human: the generic and the erotic as a form of communication. As human sexuality. Sexuality as symbolic … http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 9 von 11 For authors • • • • • • • Submit an article About Benefits Guidelines Privacy Policy Terms of Use Authorization Login: Password: Remember Me Enter Register Forgot password? Our partners Categories • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Administration and Finance (56) Agriculture and Livestock (17) Anatomy (28) Anthropology (3) Architecture and Design (4) Arts & Culture (26) Arts and Entertainment (116) Biographies (26) Biology (43) Book Reviews (896) Business (65) Computer (6) Ecology (63) Economy (267) Internet and Businesses Online (62) Law (164) Legal (2206) News and Society (1095) http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 10 von 11 • Reference and Education (3132) • Travel and Leisure (1029) Recent Articles Marriage Immigration, Legal * Marriage contract * Contractual nature of the capitulations * Annulment of the capitulations * Considerations for deciding * Real own marital * Conclusion * Sources Introduction Marital conventions are agreements between spouses concerning property or by taking a particular regime of property relations that the law authorizing or agreeing or modifying any part of a scheme. There are 2 assumptions. The designation of the property that each leads to marriage is pre constitute proof of the existence and character of such property by means of an inventory to be useful in the future at the time of dissolution of marriage. And the donations made to the husband and wife. … Analysis of the general law of arbitration Immigration, Legal * Arbitration Process * International arbitration Law 26572, General Arbitration Act states that the parties are freely available to arbitrate disputes determined or determinable, may terminate the existing judicial process or prevent the promotion, except: 1 .- the provisions relating to the state on property or rights. 2 .- on which decision is final, subject to the estate. 3 .- what law enforcement on crimes or misdemeanors, but on the amount that would have set the resolution. 4 . - the powers or functions of state entities or persons under public law. May be disputes arising under contracts that celebrates the Peruvian state or foreign national resident in the country and … Cosmic determinism Book Reviews * The need for the rhythmic in nature * The rhythms and human development * The stress of interpersonal relations * The school of adversity * Bibliography Cosmic determinism and the influence of circadian rhythms in human behavior Biological clocks or circadian rhythms are essential elements that regulate our vital functions and other animals. Biorhythms also respond to signals from environmental and seasonal changes. The migratory flight of birds and mammals wintering in all known examples. Content with the picture, because no one has dared to enter the lair of a real bear, hibernating — the pun is deliberate The word circadian comes from the Latin ‘circa’ (about) and ‘target’ … Human Digestive System Animation, Arts and Entertainment http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012 New formulations of -cyanoacrylate for biomedical applications Seite 11 von 11 * Your Anatomy * Synthesis and Organic Substances Denigration * Vitamins In humans, the digestive system consists of a conduit along which are arranged various organs and structures that are traversed by the food during its transformation process, those parts by passing the solid portion of the food is expelled as waste. The basic constituents of the human digestive tract are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine and large intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The glands that secrete digestive juices include the salivary glands and gastric glands. The mouth forms the opening of the digestive tract and is the cavity that penetrates the food. The oral cavity is limited by … Talking about human sexuality in the classroom Online Education, Reference and Education Introduction Talking about human sexuality is an interactive process that develops in a social, cultural, religious, medical, economic, spiritual, psychological and political, is therefore constantly changing. The study of sexuality requires an approach that allows us to place it as a symbolic, intersubjective creation and recreation, which has been influenced by the socio-historical process that has structured and meaning, in this sense is the basis of sex biological sexuality gives us belonging and difference (sexual beings) but human relationships transcends the purely biological and reproductive symbolism and history, generating specific dimensions of the human: the generic and the erotic as a form of communication. As human sexuality. Sexuality as symbolic … • • • • • • • All Posts Administration and Finance Anatomy Anthropology Biographies Biology Reference and Education © Article Directory 2012 http://www.centrorisorse.org/new-formulations-of-cyanoacrylate-for-biomedical-appli... 27.04.2012