Developments and Applications of Cyanoacrylate Adhesives

Cyanoacrylate adhesives to cracking has been prepared from autopolymerizable methyl 2—cyanoacrylates [219]. Similarly, artificial nail extenders or repair compositions which harden pidly upon application are prepared from 2-cyanoacrylates containing N,N- dimethyl—p-toluidine, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, and a solvent containing perfume [220]- A long—chain alkyl cyanoacrylate adhesive showed the ability to adhere rapidly to the inside surfaces of tubular tissues. It is suitable for injection application after which it is immediately solidified and adhered to the mucous membranes on the contact part. The adhesive is reported [221] to be bacteria-free and is unaffected by many bacteria. It is used, therefore, for male and female sterilization by a non-surgical technique. The success rate of sterilization in women is 95%. 3f free I 7 while li inert 9.7. Medical applications Some of the medical problems for which the cyanoacrylates proved uniquely useful are in sutureless surgery, rejoining veins, arteries, and intestines [Z12]. tefiille They are also useful in sealing and reinforcing suture lines. In ophthalmic mural surgery, these adhesives are used to seal small punctures or lesions in the eye ball ml for with sight—saving results. In cosmetic surgery, the use of cyanoacrylates to replace jurin , or supplement sutures greatly reduces scarring. Bleeding ulcers could be sealed g I . . Day] with a coating of adhesive which protects the ulcers from stomach acids while healing. Repairs of soft organs, lung lesions, and other serious damage could be easily effected. In dental surgery, the tooth sockets are sealed after extractions [208, 209]. In periodontal surgery, cyanoacrylates greatly reduce the post- operative pain suffered by patients. In all these operations these adhesives made spinal the work of the surgeon easier and quicker, reduced the stress on the patient, and Doses, promoted rapid recovery. ester The most unusual and valuable use of cyanoacrylates is as hemostatic agents. It ialkyl was found that a thin coating of cyanoacrylate sprayed on the bleeding surface used almost instantaneously stopped the loss of blood [206]. Similarly, soft organs rgical Such as the liver and spleen experiencing excessive bleeding can be repaired $01113! during surgery. These aliesives are used by morticians to seal the eyes and lips of n the the dead [17]. l [24, 331013 10. LIMITATIONS AND ADVANTAGES The limitations as well as the advantages of cyanoacrylate adhesives are determined by their chemistry. They are listed in Table 4. flicaa ii. HANDLING AND STORAGE - are ‘ Th? Cyanoacrylic esters should be protected from the deteriorating effects of oken moisture, light, and heat by storing them in either plastic or metal containers _ hamlg 3 very low permeability to moisture. The surfaces of the container should 599‘? be U011-reactive. The containers should be equipped with dispensing spouts so butyl thflt the monomers can be applied to the surface in required small amounts Wlthout any contact with the skin. Mechanical and pneumatic dispensing devices ance are also available for these adhesives which can accurately meter out the quantity Table 4. 254 K. L. Shantha et al. Limitations and advantages of cyanoacrylate adhesives Limitations Advantages 1. At elevated temperatures the polymers soften and the bond strength decreases 2. They have low impact or cleavage strength 3. The bonds are less resistant to acetone and deteriorate rapidly 4. The adhesive joints deteriorate when exposed to heat and moisture 5. The cyanoacrylate temporarily bond to skin and tissues very rapidly 6. Monomer vapours irritate the respiratory system, skin, and eyes 7. These adhesives are extremely costly They are monofunctional and hence polymerize into linear uncrosslinked polymers which have high strength The adhesivejoints are resistant to oils, alcohols and gasoline Cyanoacrylate bonds to plastic surfaces have better resistant to moisture The bond stengths obtained are comparable to those of a highly crosslinked epoxy adhesive, but are acheived without heat curing or mixing Bonds of high strength are formed in a few seconds, whereas even fast curing epoxies require several minutes before the bonded parts can be unclamped A very wide range of surfaces can be bonded including metals, plastics, rubbers, glass, and even wood A very small amount of adhesive is required to bond of adhesive to be applied to the surface. This system provides more consistent bond strengths and reduces waste associated with manual dispensing. ’ High-density polyethylene containers coated with a 0.1% acetone solution of butyl phosphate or phosphite can be used for storing ethyl 2—cyanoacrylate. The monomer was intact without an increase in viscosity when stored at 80°C for 7 days [222]. Multiporous thermoplastic mouldings made out of polyethylene and EVA copolymers are useful as plugging—resistant outlets for containers for cyanoacrylate adhesives [Z23]. Sometimes high—density polyethylene containers are coated with a dissimilar plastic (nylon) as the outer layer so that the container can be printed without affecting the container. When a cyanoacrylate ester was stored in such a container at 70°C for 10 days, there was no increase in its viscosity and no drop in adhesive bond strength. Untreated polyethylene containers began to gel in 14 days [224]. The needles required for these containers are nickel—plated iron needles treated with a 0.1% solution of oxalic a acid [225]. When. needles of this kind were inserted into each of 200 containers and kept at 70°C for 7 days, 5% of the containers experienced gelation of A cyanoacrylate at the nozzle portion for the treated needles, compared with 45% of the containers for the untreated needles. In some cases, instead of needles felt 1 Ni..JU3("\Amc-o\- C yanoacrylate adhesives 312, HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS {jyanoacrylate adhesives have a pungent odor and are mildly lachrymatory. The threshold limit value is 8 mg/m3 [228]. Ventilation must be provided to keep concentrations of Vapor below this limit. Eye and skin Contact must be avoided by taking well—established protective measures. In case of any such contact, the contact area must be cleaned with plenty of water and medical attention must be provided [229]. The monomers and polymers are both considered to be combustible. Therefore, they should not be kept near sparks, heat, or open » flames. A highly exothermic polymerization reaction occurs with mere contact with alcohols, amines, and water, and hence these materials should be kept away rable to from the cyanoacrylates. esive, but mg 13. ECONOMIC ASPECTS Zvrequire The world production of 2~cyanoacrylic esters for industrial, consumer, and ;can be medical adhesive applications is estimated at 700 metric tonnes/year at prices ranging from 30 US dollars to 1000 dollars per kilogram [17]. An estimated nded annual sales growth rate of 10-15% is expected during the 1980s. The present ’“d "5" world market exceeds 100 X 105 US dollars per annum. Although these , quantities are small by comparison with well—established epoxies, cyanoacrylates "edm ‘, sell for higher prices and sales volumes are growing about three times as fast. This commercial success is the result of the unique properties that cyano- acrylates offer as adhesives over other products. ansistent j. 14. CONCLUSIONS :tt:n,},I(l:1: It is not an easy task to write a reviewoii the cyanoacrylate super glues as their ,C for 7 industrial, consumer, and medical applications are innumerable. In this review, a lane and , considerable amount of data pertaining to the bond strengths, durability and lers for ’ resistance‘ to heat, moisture, solvents, etc. of the bonds formed using cyano- ntainers acrylates 1S omitted as these are already given in easily accessible articles. This that the review, therefore, has ».»essentially dealt with subject matter that is not usually acrylate Covered. elsewhere. Several modifications in their manufacture, adhesive rease in flompositions, and their applications have been covered in a systematic manner gthylene In this review. 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